What are Terpenes? Do They Matter?

There comes a point in everyone's cannabis journey when they start to hear about terpenes or "terps", but what are they? Terpenes are just one of the substances that makes up the whole of the cannabis plant. When cannabis is grown, you have two different groups of substances being cultivated, cannabinoids and terpenes. Cannabinoids are substances like CBD, THCA, THC, and other cannabis specific compounds. Terps are substances like Myrcene, Linalool, and Pinene that are not specific to only cannabis.

Terpenes are naturally occurring in a variety of herbs, spices, and fruits and give them their taste, smell, and potential benefits. For example, Lavender gets its signature taste, aroma, and sleepy effects from its primary terpene Linalool. The amazing thing about cannabis, is that while other herbs specialize in one or two terpenes, every strain of cannabis has a wide variety and differing amounts of each terpene. The specific mixture and amount of terpenes is what gives a strain its terpene profile. Let's go through the most common terpenes found in cannabis, their taste, smell, and effects.

Myrcene

A terpene found in many plants, including cannabis, hops, and mangoes. In mangoes, it plays a crucial role in both the fruit's distinctive aroma and its flavor profile. Myrcene has an earthy, musky scent with subtle notes of citrus, which contributes to the tropical, sweet smell that many associate with ripe mangoes. The flavor is influenced by myrcene, imparting a slightly herbal and fruity taste that enhances the overall experience of eating the fruit.

Beyond its sensory effects, myrcene is also known for its potential health benefits, particularly its anti-inflammatory properties. Studies suggest that myrcene can help reduce inflammation in the body by modulating certain enzymes and pathways involved in the inflammatory response. This makes it a valuable compound not only for its sensory characteristics but also for its potential therapeutic effects.

Linalool

Linalool is a fragrant terpene found in many plants, with lavender being one of its most notable sources. This compound is responsible for the distinct floral, sweet, and slightly woody aroma of lavender, which is widely appreciated for its calming and soothing effects. Linalool also contributes to the flavor of lavender, offering a delicate, slightly spicy sweetness that enhances its overall profile.

Known for its relaxing properties, linalool is often used in aromatherapy to reduce stress, anxiety, and promote better sleep. Research suggests that linalool may have anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) and sedative effects, helping to relax the central nervous system. In addition to its calming effects, linalool has also shown potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, making it a versatile compound both in wellness and flavor profiles.

Pinene

Pinene is a prominent terpene found in pine trees and many other coniferous plants, and it plays a key role in the distinctive aroma and flavor of these trees. With its fresh, piney scent, pinene evokes the outdoors and is commonly associated with the crisp, invigorating fragrance of pine forests. The flavor of pinene is similarly fresh, offering a slightly herbal, woodsy taste that enhances the overall sensory experience of pine needles and resin.

Beyond its aromatic and flavor qualities, pinene is also known for its potential health benefits, particularly its antioxidant effects. Research suggests that pinene may help protect cells from oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals, which can damage cells and contribute to aging and disease. Additionally, pinene is believed to have anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator, and memory-boosting properties. These therapeutic effects, along with its uplifting scent and taste, make pinene a valuable component in THCA products.

Caryophyllene

Caryophyllene is a terpene found in black pepper, as well as other spices like cloves and cinnamon. It is responsible for the distinctive spicy, peppery aroma and pungent taste that makes black pepper a culinary staple. When you grind black pepper, the sharp, warm, and slightly woody scent of caryophyllene becomes evident, adding depth and complexity to the spice’s flavor profile.

In addition to its sensory qualities, caryophyllene offers potential health benefits, particularly for immune system support. Research suggests that caryophyllene has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may help bolster the body’s defense mechanisms. Notably, caryophyllene is unique among terpenes because it can bind to CB2 receptors in the body, which are part of the endocannabinoid system. This interaction may further contribute to its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects. As a result, caryophyllene-rich THCA strains may support overall health while providing a flavorful, aromatic experience.

Limonene

Limonene is a citrus-scented terpene found abundantly in lemons, limes, and other citrus fruits. It is primarily responsible for the bright, zesty aroma and tangy, refreshing taste that characterize these fruits. The invigorating scent of limonene is often associated with cleanliness and freshness, making it a popular ingredient in cleaning products and perfumes.

Beyond its sensory appeal, limonene is known for its potential health benefits, including its anti-cancerous effects. Research suggests that limonene may help inhibit the growth of certain cancer cells and promote detoxification in the body by supporting liver function. Studies have also indicated that limonene possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which could contribute to its cancer-fighting potential. By neutralizing harmful free radicals and reducing inflammation, limonene may help reduce the risk of cancer and other diseases. As a result, consuming limonene-rich THCA strains not only offers refreshing flavor but also potential therapeutic benefits.